Igiciro mpuzamahanga cyumutungo wa zinc giterwa nuburyo butangwa nubusabane nibisabwa hamwe nubukungu.Ikwirakwizwa ry’umutungo wa zinc ku isi hose ryibanda cyane cyane mu bihugu nka Ositaraliya n'Ubushinwa, ibihugu by’ibicuruzwa bitanga umusaruro ni Ubushinwa, Peru, na Ositaraliya.Ibiryo bya Zinc byibanda muri Aziya ya pasifika, Uburayi na Amerika.Jianeng nu musaruro munini ku isi kandi ucuruza ibyuma bya zinc, bifite ingaruka zikomeye kubiciro bya zinc.Ubushinwa butunga umutungo wa zinc biza ku mwanya wa kabiri ku isi, ariko amanota ntabwo ari menshi.Umusaruro nogukoresha byombi biza kumwanya wambere kwisi, kandi biterwa hanze ni byinshi.
Imwe muriyo nuko LME niyo yonyine yo guhanahana amakuru kwisi yose, ifata umwanya wiganje kumasoko yigihe kizaza.
LME yashinzwe mu 1876 itangira gukora ubucuruzi bwa zinc butemewe.Mu 1920, ubucuruzi bwa zinc bwatangiye.Kuva mu myaka ya za 1980, LME yabaye barometero yisoko rya zinc ku isi, kandi igiciro cyayo cyerekana impinduka zogutanga zinc nibisabwa kwisi yose, bizwi kwisi yose.Ibi biciro birashobora gukingirwa binyuze mubihe biri imbere hamwe namasezerano yo guhitamo muri LME.Ibikorwa byisoko rya zinc biza kumwanya wa gatatu muri LME, icya kabiri nyuma yumuringa na aluminium.
Icya kabiri, New York Mercantile Exchange (COMEX) yafunguye muri make gucuruza zinc futures, ariko ntibyatsinzwe.
COMEX yakoresheje muri make zinc futures kuva 1978 kugeza 1984, ariko muri rusange ntabwo byagenze neza.Muri kiriya gihe, abanyamerika bakora zinc bari bakomeye cyane mubiciro bya zinc, kuburyo COMEX itari ifite ubucuruzi buhagije bwa zinc kugirango itange iseswa ryamasezerano, bigatuma bidashoboka ko zinc ikemura ibiciro hagati ya LME na COMEX nko gucuruza umuringa nifeza.Muri iki gihe, gucuruza ibyuma bya COMEX byibanda cyane cyane ku gihe kizaza no ku masezerano yo guhitamo zahabu, ifeza, umuringa, na aluminium.
Iya gatatu ni uko Isoko ry’imigabane rya Shanghai ryatangije ku mugaragaro Shanghai Zinc Futures mu 2007, ryitabira gahunda y’ibiciro bya zinc ku isi.
Habayeho gucuruza zinc muri make mumateka yimigabane ya Shanghai.Nko mu ntangiriro ya za 90, zinc yari uburyo bwo gucuruza hagati yigihe kirekire nigihe kirekire hamwe nicyuma cyibanze nkumuringa, aluminium, gurş, amabati, na nikel.Nyamara, igipimo cy’ubucuruzi bwa zinc cyagabanutse uko umwaka utashye, kandi mu 1997, ubucuruzi bwa zinc bwari bwarahagaze.Mu 1998, mugihe cyo guhindura imiterere yisoko ryigihe kizaza, ubwoko bwubucuruzi bwicyuma butagira fer bwagumanye gusa umuringa na aluminium, na zinc nubundi bwoko bwarahagaritswe.Mugihe igiciro cya zinc cyakomeje kwiyongera muri 2006, buri gihe wasangaga hahamagarwa kazoza ka zinc kugaruka kumasoko.Ku ya 26 Werurwe 2007, Isoko ry’imigabane rya Shanghai ryashyize ahagaragara ku mugaragaro ejo hazaza h’ibihe bya zinc, ryerekana impinduka z’akarere mu gutanga no gukenera isoko rya zinc mu Bushinwa ku isoko mpuzamahanga kandi ryitabira gahunda y’ibiciro bya zinc ku isi.
Uburyo bwibanze bwibiciro kumwanya wa zinc kumasoko mpuzamahanga nugukoresha igiciro cyamasezerano ya zinc futur nkigiciro cyibipimo, hanyuma ukongeramo ikimenyetso kijyanye na cote yatanzwe.Ikigero cyibiciro mpuzamahanga bya zinc nibiciro bya LME byigihe kizaza birahuye cyane, kubera ko igiciro cya LME gikora nkigipimo cyigihe kirekire cyibiciro byabaguzi n’abagurisha ibyuma bya zinc, kandi igiciro cyacyo cya buri kwezi nacyo kikaba ishingiro ryibiciro byubucuruzi bwicyuma cya zinc .
Imwe ni ukuzamuka no kumanuka kw'ibiciro bya zinc kuva 1960 kugeza 1978;Iya kabiri ni igihe cyo kunyeganyega kuva 1979 kugeza 2000;Iya gatatu ni ukuzamuka hejuru no kumanuka kuva 2001 kugeza 2009;Iya kane ni igihe cyo guhindagurika kuva 2010 kugeza 2020;Icya gatanu nigihe cyihuta cyizamuka kuva muri 2020. Kuva muri 2020, kubera ingaruka z’ibiciro by’ingufu z’i Burayi, ubushobozi bwo gutanga zinc bwaragabanutse, kandi izamuka ryihuse ry’ibikenerwa na zinc ryatumye izamuka ry’ibiciro bya zinc, rikomeza kwiyongera no kurenga $ 3500 kuri toni.
Mu 2022, raporo iheruka gukorwa n’ubushakashatsi bw’ibinyabuzima muri Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika (USGS) yerekana ko umutungo wa zinc wagaragaye ku isi ari toni miliyari 1.9, naho ubutare bwa zinc bwagaragaye ku isi ni toni miliyoni 210 z'icyuma.Australiya ifite ibigega byinshi bya zinc, kuri toni miliyoni 66, bingana na 31.4% byububiko rusange.Ubushinwa bwa zinc ubutare bwa kabiri nyuma ya Ositaraliya, kuri toni miliyoni 31, bingana na 14.8% by’isi yose.Ibindi bihugu bifite ubutare bunini bwa zinc harimo Uburusiya (10.5%), Peru (8.1%), Mexico (5.7%), Ubuhinde (4,6%), n’ibindi bihugu, mu gihe ibigega bya zinc byose by’ibindi bihugu bingana na 25% bya ububiko rusange.
Ubwa mbere, umusaruro wamateka ya zinc wakomeje kwiyongera, hamwe no kugabanuka gake mumyaka icumi ishize.Biteganijwe ko umusaruro uzagenda wiyongera buhoro buhoro mugihe kizaza.
Umusaruro w’amabuye ya zinc ku isi wakomeje kwiyongera mu myaka irenga 100, ugera ku rwego rwo hejuru mu mwaka wa 2012 hamwe n’umwaka wa toni miliyoni 13.5 z’icyuma cya zinc.Mu myaka yakurikiyeho, habaye urwego runaka rwo kugabanuka, kugeza muri 2019, igihe iterambere ryongeye.Icyakora, icyorezo cya COVID-19 mu 2020 cyatumye umusaruro w’ibirombe bya zinc ku isi wongera kugabanuka, aho umusaruro w’umwaka wagabanutseho toni 700000, 5.51% umwaka ushize, ibyo bigatuma isoko rya zinc rikomera ku isi ndetse n’izamuka ry’ibiciro bikomeje.Hamwe no koroshya icyorezo, umusaruro wa zinc wagarutse buhoro buhoro kugera kuri toni miliyoni 13.Isesengura ryerekana ko hamwe n’izamuka ry’ubukungu bw’isi no kuzamura isoko ry’isoko, umusaruro wa zinc uzakomeza kwiyongera mu bihe biri imbere.
Iya kabiri ni uko ibihugu bifite umusaruro mwinshi wa zinc ku isi ari Ubushinwa, Peru, na Ositaraliya.
Nk’uko imibare yatanzwe n’ikigo cy’Amerika gishinzwe ubushakashatsi ku bijyanye n’ubutaka (USGS) ibivuga, mu mwaka wa 2022 umusaruro w’amabuye y'agaciro ya zinc wageze kuri toni miliyoni 13, mu Bushinwa bukaba bwarafite toni miliyoni 4.2 z'ibyuma, bingana na 32.3% by’umusaruro rusange ku isi.Ibindi bihugu bifite umusaruro mwinshi wa zinc birimo Peru (10.8%), Ositaraliya (10.0%), Ubuhinde (6.4%), Amerika (5.9%), Mexico (5.7%), nibindi bihugu.Umusaruro rusange w’ibirombe bya zinc mu bindi bihugu bingana na 28.9% by’isi yose.
Icya gatatu, abatanu ba mbere bambere bakora zinc ku isi bangana na 1/4 cy'umusaruro wisi, kandi ingamba zo kubyaza umusaruro zigira ingaruka runaka kubiciro bya zinc.
Mu 2021, umusaruro ngarukamwaka w’ibicuruzwa bitanu bya mbere bya zinc ku isi byari toni miliyoni 3.14, bingana na 1/4 cy’umusaruro wa zinc ku isi.Umusaruro wa zinc warenze miliyari 9.4 z'amadolari y'Amerika, muri yo Glencore PLC yatanze toni zigera kuri miliyoni 1.16 za zinc, Hindustan Zinc Ltd itanga toni zigera kuri 790000 za zinc, Teck Resources Ltd itanga toni 610000 za zinc, Ubucukuzi bwa Zijin bwatanze toni zigera kuri 310000 za zinc, na Boliden AB yabyaye toni zigera kuri 270000 za zinc.Abakora ibinini bya zinc muri rusange bigira ingaruka ku biciro bya zinc binyuze mu ngamba zo “kugabanya umusaruro no kubungabunga ibiciro”, bikubiyemo gufunga ibirombe no kugenzura umusaruro kugira ngo bagere ku ntego yo kugabanya umusaruro no gukomeza ibiciro bya zinc.Mu Kwakira 2015, Glencore yatangaje ko igabanuka ry'umusaruro rusange wa zinc, uhwanye na 4% by'umusaruro ku isi, kandi ibiciro bya zinc byazamutseho hejuru ya 7% ku munsi umwe.
Ubwa mbere, ikoreshwa rya zinc ku isi ryibanze muri Aziya ya pasifika, Uburayi na Amerika.
Mu 2021, ku isi hose ikoreshwa rya zinc yatunganijwe ryari toni miliyoni 14.0954, aho zinc yibanda cyane mu turere twa Aziya ya pasifika, Uburayi na Amerika, naho Ubushinwa bukaba bufite umubare munini w’ibicuruzwa bya zinc, bingana na 48%.Amerika n'Ubuhinde byashyizwe ku mwanya wa kabiri n'uwa gatatu, bingana na 6% na 5%.Ibindi bihugu bikomeye by’abaguzi birimo ibihugu byateye imbere nka Koreya yepfo, Ubuyapani, Ububiligi, n’Ubudage.
Iya kabiri ni uko imiterere yimikoreshereze ya zinc igabanijwemo kubanza gukoreshwa no gukoresha itumanaho.Imikoreshereze yambere ni plaque ya zinc, mugihe ikoreshwa rya terefone ahanini ni ibikorwa remezo.Guhindura ibisabwa kumpera yumuguzi bizagira ingaruka kubiciro bya zinc.
Imiterere yimikoreshereze ya zinc irashobora kugabanywa mugukoresha kwambere no gukoresha itumanaho.Ikoreshwa ryambere rya zinc ryibanda cyane kubikorwa bya galvanised, bingana na 64%.Imikoreshereze yanyuma ya zinc bivuga gusubiramo no gukoresha ibicuruzwa byambere bya zinc murwego rwo hasi rwinganda.Mu gukoresha itumanaho rya zinc, ibikorwa remezo n’inzego zubaka bifite umubare munini, kuri 33% na 23%.Imikorere yumuguzi wa zinc izoherezwa kuva murwego rwo gukoresha itumanaho kugeza murwego rwambere rwo gukoresha kandi bigira ingaruka kubitangwa nibisabwa bya zinc nigiciro cyayo.Kurugero, mugihe imikorere yinganda zikomeye zinc zirangiza abaguzi nkumutungo utimukanwa n’imodoka zidakomeye, ingano yo gutumiza ibicuruzwa byambere nka plaque ya zinc hamwe na zinc alloys izagabanuka, bigatuma itangwa rya zinc rirenga kubisabwa, amaherezo biganisha kuri igabanuka ryibiciro bya zinc.
Nkumucuruzi wa zinc nini ku isi, Glencore igenzura ikwirakwizwa rya zinc inoze ku isoko hamwe nibyiza bitatu.Ubwa mbere, ubushobozi bwo gutunganya byihuse kandi neza ibicuruzwa neza kumasoko ya zinc kumanuka;Iya kabiri nubushobozi bukomeye bwo kugabura umutungo wa zinc;Icya gatatu nubushishozi bwimbitse kumasoko ya zinc.Nk’umusaruro munini wa zinc ku isi, Glencore yatanze toni 940000 za zinc mu 2022, ku isoko ry’isi ku isi ni 7.2%;Umubare wubucuruzi bwa zinc ni toni miliyoni 2.4, hamwe nisoko ryisoko ryisi yose 18.4%.Umusaruro nubucuruzi bwa zinc byombi biri hejuru kwisi.Umusaruro wa Glencore ku isi wa mbere ku giti cye niwo musingi w’ingaruka zikomeye ku biciro bya zinc, kandi umubare w’ubucuruzi wa mbere urushaho kwiyongera.
Ubwa mbere, Shanghai Zinc Exchange yagize uruhare runini mugushiraho gahunda yo kugena ibiciro bya zinc mu gihugu, ariko ingaruka zayo kuburenganzira bwibiciro bya zinc ziracyari munsi yubwa LME.
Kazoza ka zinc katangijwe n’imigabane ya Shanghai yagize uruhare runini mu gukorera mu mucyo no gutanga ibisabwa, uburyo bwo kugena ibiciro, ibiganiro by’ibiciro, hamwe n’uburyo bwo kohereza ibiciro mu gihugu no mu mahanga ku isoko ry’imbere mu gihugu.Mu rwego rw’isoko rinini ry’isoko rya zinc mu Bushinwa, Isoko rya Zinc rya Shanghai ryafashije mu gushyiraho uburyo bwo kugena isoko rya zinc ku mugaragaro, mu buryo buboneye, buboneye, kandi bwemewe.Isoko ryimbere mu gihugu imbere rya zinc rimaze kugira igipimo ningaruka runaka, kandi hamwe nogutezimbere uburyo bwisoko no kwiyongera kwubucuruzi, umwanya waryo kumasoko yisi nawo uriyongera.Muri 2022, ingano yubucuruzi ya Shanghai zinc ejo hazaza yagumye ihagaze neza kandi yiyongera gato.Dukurikije imibare yaturutse mu Isoko ry’imigabane rya Shanghai, kugeza mu mpera za Ugushyingo 2022, ubucuruzi bw’ubucuruzi bwa Shanghai Zinc Futures mu 2022 bwari 63906157, bwiyongereyeho 0,64% umwaka ushize, hamwe n’ubucuruzi buri kwezi bugera kuri 5809650 ;Mu 2022, ubucuruzi bwa Shanghai Zinc Futures bwageze kuri miliyari 7932.1, bwiyongereyeho 11.1% umwaka ushize, hamwe n’ubucuruzi mpuzandengo bwa buri kwezi bungana na miliyari 4836.7.Nyamara, imbaraga zo kugena ibiciro bya zinc ku isi ziracyiganjemo LME, kandi isoko ryimbere ryimbere mu gihugu rikomeje kuba isoko ryakarere mukarere kayoborwa.
Icya kabiri, ibiciro bya zinc mubushinwa byahindutse biva kumurongo wabikoze kugeza kumurongo wa interineti, ahanini bishingiye kubiciro bya LME.
Mbere ya 2000, mu Bushinwa ntihariho urubuga rwo kugena ibiciro ku isoko, kandi igiciro cy’isoko cyakozwe ahanini gishingiye ku magambo yatanzwe n’uwabikoze.Kurugero, muri Pearl River Delta, igiciro cyashyizweho ahanini na Zhongjin Lingnan, mugihe muri Delta yumugezi wa Yangtze, igiciro cyashyizweho ahanini na Zhuzhou Smelter na Huludao.Uburyo budahagije bwibiciro bwagize ingaruka zikomeye kumikorere ya buri munsi yinganda zo hejuru no mumasoko yo murwego rwa zinc.Mu 2000, Shanghai Nonferrous Metals Network (SMM) yashizeho urusobe rwayo, kandi amagambo yavuzwe kuri platifomu yabaye isoko ryibigo byinshi byimbere mu gihugu ku giciro cya zinc.Kugeza ubu, amagambo nyamukuru ku isoko ry’imbere mu gihugu arimo amagambo yavuzwe na Nan Chu Business Network na Shanghai Metal Network, ariko amagambo yavuye ku mbuga za interineti yerekeza cyane cyane ku biciro bya LME.
Ubwa mbere, umubare rusange wibikoresho bya zinc mubushinwa biza kumwanya wa kabiri kwisi, ariko impuzandengo yubuziranenge ni mike kandi gukuramo umutungo biragoye.
Ubushinwa bufite ubutunzi bwinshi bw'amabuye y'agaciro ya zinc, biza ku mwanya wa kabiri ku isi nyuma ya Ositaraliya.Amabuye y'agaciro ya zinc yo mu gihugu yibanze cyane mu bice nka Yunnan (24%), Mongoliya y'imbere (20%), Gansu (11%), na Sinayi (8%).Nyamara, igipimo cy’amabuye ya zinc mu Bushinwa muri rusange ni gito, hamwe n’ibirombe byinshi bito na minini minini, kimwe n’ibirombe byinshi binanutse kandi bikungahaye.Gukuramo ibikoresho biragoye kandi amafaranga yo gutwara ni menshi.
Icya kabiri, umusaruro w’amabuye ya zinc mu Bushinwa uza ku mwanya wa mbere ku isi, kandi n’ingaruka z’abakora ibicuruzwa bya zinc zo mu gihugu ziriyongera.
Umusaruro wa zinc mu Bushinwa wakomeje kuba nini ku isi mu myaka myinshi ikurikiranye.Mu myaka yashize, binyuze mu buryo butandukanye nk'inganda zikora inganda, hejuru no mu majyepfo yo guhuza no kugura, hamwe no guhuza umutungo, Ubushinwa bwagiye buhoro buhoro bushiraho itsinda ry’inganda zinc zifite uruhare runini ku isi, aho ibigo bitatu biza ku mwanya wa mbere mu bihugu icumi bya mbere bitanga amabuye y'agaciro ya zinc ku isi.Ubucukuzi bwa Zijin ni uruganda runini rutanga umusaruro wa zinc mu Bushinwa, hamwe n’umusaruro w’amabuye ya zinc uri mu bihugu bitanu bya mbere ku isi.Mu 2022, umusaruro wa zinc wari toni 402000, bingana na 9,6% by'umusaruro rusange w'imbere mu gihugu.Ibikoresho bya Minmetals biza kumwanya wa gatandatu kwisi yose, hamwe na zinc itanga toni 225000 mumwaka wa 2022, bingana na 5.3% byumusaruro rusange wimbere mu gihugu.Zhongjin Lingnan iza ku mwanya wa cyenda ku isi, hamwe na zinc itanga toni 193000 mu 2022, bingana na 4,6% by’umusaruro rusange w’imbere mu gihugu.Abandi bakora zinc nini nini zirimo Chihong Zinc Germanium, Zinc Industry Co., Ltd., Baiyin Nonferrous Metals, nibindi.
Icya gatatu, Ubushinwa nabwo bukoresha cyane zinc, hamwe n’ibicuruzwa byibanda mu rwego rwo gushimangira ibikorwa remezo by’imitungo itimukanwa.
Mu 2021, Ubushinwa bwakoresheje zinc bwari toni miliyoni 6,76, bukaba aribwo bukoresha isi nyinshi ku isi.Isahani ya Zinc ifite igice kinini cy’ibicuruzwa bya zinc mu Bushinwa, bingana na 60% by’ibicuruzwa bya zinc;Ibikurikiraho bipfa zinc alloy na zinc oxyde, bingana na 15% na 12%.Ibice byingenzi bikoreshwa mubice bya galvanizing nibikorwa remezo numutungo utimukanwa.Bitewe n’Ubushinwa bufite inyungu zuzuye mu gukoresha zinc, iterambere ry’ibikorwa remezo n’inzego z’imitungo itimukanwa bizagira ingaruka zikomeye ku itangwa ry’isi, ku giciro, no ku giciro cya zinc.
Ubushinwa bushingiye kuri zinc ni bwinshi kandi bwerekana ko bugaragara ko buzamuka, aho ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga ari Ositaraliya na Peru.Kuva mu mwaka wa 2016, ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga bya zinc byinjira mu Bushinwa byagiye byiyongera uko umwaka utashye, ubu bikaba bimaze kuba byinshi mu bihugu bitumiza amabuye y'agaciro ya zinc.Muri 2020, ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga bya zinc byarenze 40%.Urebye mu gihugu ukurikije igihugu, igihugu gifite ibicuruzwa byinshi byoherezwa mu mahanga mu Bushinwa mu 2021 ni Ositaraliya, hamwe na toni miliyoni 1.07 z'umubiri mu mwaka wose, bingana na 29.5% by'Ubushinwa butumiza ibicuruzwa bya zinc;Icya kabiri, Peru yohereza mu Bushinwa toni 780000 z'umubiri, bingana na 21,6% by'Ubushinwa butumiza ibicuruzwa bya zinc.Kuba biterwa cyane n’ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga bya zinc hamwe n’uburinganire bw’uturere tw’ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga bivuze ko ihungabana ry’ibicuruzwa bitunganijwe neza bishobora guterwa no gutanga ibicuruzwa no gutwara abantu, ibyo bikaba ari imwe mu mpamvu zituma Ubushinwa bugira ikibazo mu bucuruzi mpuzamahanga bwa zinc na irashobora gusa kwemeza ibiciro byisoko ryisi.
Iyi ngingo yasohotse bwa mbere mu kinyamakuru cya mbere cy’Ubushinwa Mining Daily ku ya 15 Gicurasi
Igihe cyo kohereza: Nzeri-08-2023
