Ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati ya Graphite no kuyobora Nyakanga?

Itandukaniro ryibanze hagati ya grafite na sisitemu ni uko grafite idafite uburozi kandi ihamye cyane, mugihe isasu ari uburozi kandi budahungabana.

Graphite ni iki?

Graphite ni allotrope ya karubone ifite imiterere ihamye, ya kristu.Nuburyo bwamakara.Byongeye kandi, ni minerval kavukire.Amabuye y'agaciro ni ibintu birimo ikintu kimwe cya shimi kibaho muri kamere nta guhuza nibindi bintu.Byongeye kandi, grafite nuburyo buhamye bwa karubone iboneka ku bushyuhe busanzwe n’umuvuduko.Igice gisubiramo cya grafite allotrope ni karubone (C).Igishushanyo gifite sisitemu ya sisitemu ya mpandeshatu.Igaragara mucyuma-umukara kugeza ibyuma-imvi-ibara kandi ifite urumuri rwinshi.Ibara ryikurikiranya rya grafite ni umukara (ibara ryamabuye y'ifu meza).

Imiterere ya grafite ya kirisiti ifite ubuki bwubuki.Ifite impapuro za graphene zitandukanijwe kuri 0.335 nm.Muri ubu buryo bwa grafite, intera iri hagati ya atome ya karubone ni 0.142 nm.Ayo atome ya karubone arahuza akoresheje imiyoboro ya covalent, atome imwe ya karubone ifite imigozi itatu ya covalent irizengurutse.Agaciro ka atome ya karubone ni 4;bityo, hariho electron ya kane idakoreshwa muri buri na atome ya karubone yiyi miterere.Kubwibyo, iyi electron nubuntu kwimuka, ikora grafite ikoresha amashanyarazi.Igishushanyo gisanzwe ni ingirakamaro munganda, bateri, gukora ibyuma, kwagura grafite, gufata feri, ibice byubatswe, hamwe namavuta.

Kurongora ni iki?

Isasu nikintu cyimiti ifite atome numero 82 nikimenyetso cyimiti Pb.Bibaho nkibikoresho bya chimique.Iki cyuma nicyuma kiremereye kandi ni cyinshi kuruta ibikoresho bisanzwe dusanzwe tuzi.Byongeye kandi, isasu rishobora kubaho nkicyuma cyoroshye kandi cyoroshye gifite aho gishonga.Turashobora guca byoroshye iki cyuma, kandi gifite ibimenyetso biranga ubururu hamwe na silver yumucyo wijimye.Icyingenzi cyane, iki cyuma gifite umubare munini wa atome yibintu byose bihamye.

Iyo usuzumye ibintu byinshi bya gurş, bifite ubucucike bwinshi, ubworoherane, guhindagurika, hamwe no kurwanya ruswa bitewe na passivation.Isasu rifite ibintu byegeranye byuzuye-bishingiye kuri cubic hamwe nuburemere bwa atome ndende, bivamo ubucucike buruta ubwinshi bwibyuma bisanzwe bisanzwe nkicyuma, umuringa, na zinc.Iyo ugereranije nibyuma byinshi, isasu rifite aho rishonga cyane, kandi aho ritetse naryo riri hasi cyane mubintu 14 bigize itsinda.

Isasu ikunda gukora urwego rukingira iyo uhuye numwuka.Ikintu gikunze kugaragara muriki gice ni gurşone (II) karubone.Hashobora kandi kuba sulfate na chloride bigize gurş.Uru rupapuro rutuma icyuma kiyobora hejuru yimiti ihumeka neza.Byongeye kandi, gaze ya fluor irashobora kwitwara hamwe na sisitemu mubushyuhe bwicyumba kugirango ikore fluoride (II).Hariho reaction isa na gaze ya chlorine nayo, ariko bisaba gushyuha.Usibye ibyo, icyuma cyitwa gurşide kirwanya aside sulfurike na aside fosifori ariko ikora hamwe na aside ya HCl na HNO3.Acide kama nka acide acike irashobora gushonga isasu imbere ya ogisijeni.Mu buryo nk'ubwo, aside irike yibanze irashobora gushonga biganisha kuri plumbite.

Kubera ko isasu ryemewe muri Amerika mu 1978 nk'ibigize irangi kubera ingaruka z'uburozi, ntabwo ryakoreshejwe mu gukora amakaramu.Nyamara, nicyo kintu cyingenzi cyakoreshwaga mu gukora ikaramu mbere yicyo gihe.Isasu ryamenyekanye nkibintu bifite ubumara bukabije kubantu.Kubwibyo, abantu bashakishije ibikoresho byasimbuwe kugirango basimbuze icyuma nikindi kintu cyo gukora amakaramu.

Ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati ya Graphite na Lead?

Igishushanyo nisasu nibintu byingenzi byimiti bitewe nibintu byingirakamaro hamwe nibisabwa.Itandukaniro ryibanze hagati ya grafite na sisitemu ni uko grafite idafite uburozi kandi ihamye cyane, mugihe isasu ari uburozi kandi budahungabana.

Isasu nicyuma kidakorwa nyuma yinzibacyuho.Turashobora kwerekana intege nke zicyuma ziyobora dukoresheje imiterere ya amphoteric.Urugero rw'isasu hamwe na okiside oxyde ikora hamwe na acide na base kandi ikunda gukora covalent bond.Imvange ya gurş ikunze kugira +2 okiside ya sisitemu aho kuba +4 okiside ya leta (+4 niyo okiside ikunze kuboneka mumatsinda 14 yibintu bya shimi).